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good afternoon my name is felicia chao

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with the office of communications and

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welcome to nasa headquarters

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nasa has selected science instruments

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for the europa mission as part of our

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commitment to explore the solar system

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and beyond to understand the workings of

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the universe and search for life among

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the stars

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we will have brief presentations from

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our panelists then we will take

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questions from the audience the phone

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lines and social media

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to ask a question using social media

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please use the hashtag ask nasa

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today's participants are kurt nieber

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europa program scientist

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jim green director of the planetary

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and to officially start us off here is

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john grunsfeld associate administrator

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for the science mission directorate john

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thank you very much felicia

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we're on our way to europa

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our mission is to innovate

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explore

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discover

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and inspire

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we're trying to answer the big questions

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where did we come from where are we

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going and are we alone

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these we translate into science

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ever since the 11 flybys by the galileo

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mission more than a decade ago we've

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been intrigued by this amazing moon of

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jupiter

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it's about the same size as our own moon

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and scientists have scrutinized these

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images

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to incredible detail

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and determined that europa harbors a

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deep salty ocean below a thick mantle of

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ice

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the images show a cracked even tortured

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surface

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i've just lost my notes

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one of the amazing features of europa is

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that we see very few craters indicating

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it's a very young surface something is

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causing it to be turned over

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the age is perhaps only about 50 million

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years

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tidal forces from jupiter must be

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causing some dynamics that result in the

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surface being in contact with that

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undersea ocean

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recently observations from the hubble

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space telescope you know i had to get

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hubble in there somehow

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detect what may be plumes of water

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shooting out

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from under the surface of europa this

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may be part of the mechanism that helps

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resurface europa

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europa is just one of many icy moons in

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our solar system that are likely sites

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of subsurface oceans

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for europa that ocean may have been in

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existence for billions of years since

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the creation of the solar system

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in that ocean of course is water salty

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water organics and likely sources of

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heat such as undersea vents that we see

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here on earth

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all of those components

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are the kind of contributors that we

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believe are necessary ingredients

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for life to emerge

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the instruments we're announcing today

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are the result of investments we've made

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over the last few years in technology to

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help interrogate the ic bodies in our

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solar system

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the complement of instruments we've

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selected are compelling

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and will result in a mission that is

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every bit as impressive in my opinion is

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the cassini mission to saturn or the

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previous galileo mission to jupiter and

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its moons

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the mission design is still being

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studied but we wanted to get a head

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start on the instruments as they're

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often the long poles on the development

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of something as complex as a mission to

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europa

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jim green will cover the science in some

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detail and kurt will go over the

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instruments we've selected i'm

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incredibly excited about this big step

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forward and our quest to learn more

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about our solar system and the search

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for life beyond earth

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with some editorial license let me quote

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john f kennedy from 1961 on the

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exploration of space

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this is the new ocean and i believe the

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united states must sail on it and be in

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a position second to none

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europa here we come

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jim

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thank you very much john

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yeah europa is just such a fabulous moon

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of jupiter

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in fact

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much of what john described can be seen

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in our very first graphic of this

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beautiful moon

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so as you can see very few craters it

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has these brown areas or what we call a

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brown gun for the lack of really

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knowledge of what they are

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and and in addition to that the brown

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also illustrates the cracks in the moon

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where we believe the subsurface ocean

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must be communicating with the surface

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so this is indeed a fabulous body as

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john mentioned we've been studying it

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for a number of years

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with only a few passes by the galileo

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spacecraft which was orbiting jupiter

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in the 90s

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and so ever since then we've been

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intrigued by this body

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now europa was first discovered by

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galileo in 1610

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he never had the eyes that we currently

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have in looking and seeing this moon

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from the galileo spacecraft named after

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him

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now we are in the pursuit of trying to

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understand how thick that ice shell is

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we know that there's an undercrossed

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ocean and in fact that ocean might be

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significant in terms of having more than

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twice the water that we have on this

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planet

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and after 5 billion years with

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conditions like that indeed it could be

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a very habitable place if life indeed

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started on that body

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many billions of years ago

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so what's underneath that ice crust

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well we can only imagine but we have i

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think some really good ideas and plenty

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of evidence to indicate that what i'm

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going to tell you about next is true if

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i can have my second graphic

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in this particular graphic what we see

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is the moon io and and and europa uh in

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the back background we believe something

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like the surface of io must be at the

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bottom of the ocean

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uh in europa so this is really exciting

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io is suffering the same tidal forces

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europa is although

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several orders of magnitude more

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extensive because it's so close

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to the planet jupiter

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now these

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hydrothermal vents

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really must represent the volcanoes that

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we see on io if indeed europa has

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an ocean that that

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is

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straddling the entire body the

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hydrothermal vents that you see in these

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insets down at the bottom of the image

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are really our own from from our earth

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and we know that they're full of life

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they bring up nutrients

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and those nutrients circulate through

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the ocean so how do we know there are

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hydrothermal vents there

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in my next graphic

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we believe there's some really good

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indications of that

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so at the very bottom of this graphic we

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see what a hydrothermal vent might look

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like

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that we have

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on io must be at the bottom of the ocean

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this is causing the water to be heated

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massive circulation going on and in fact

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that heat must actually go all the way

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up to the crust itself

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now we don't really know how thick the

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crust is we believe it's on the order of

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sometimes

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10 kilometers

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but in actuality it may be only a few

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kilometers in spots and in fact we

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believe the cracks may open and close

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based on tidal forces forcing water back

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out onto the surface

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so

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as we see here in this particular

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graphic that heat is transferred to the

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top of the ice shell

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the ocean may be as deep as a thousand

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or sorry a hundred kilometers

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so if i have the next graphic please

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here we see the very top of the uh the

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surface the ice crust and what we see in

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the center is what we call a chaos

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region

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we believe there's good indication that

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right below this chaos region is some of

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these hydrothermal vents it's very

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consistent with our model of

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of the ocean being heated from below

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and breaking up the ice and in the cold

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environment that the surface of europa

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has experienced then ice is over and

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produces these chaos patterns we also

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see the discoloration

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of these particular areas indicating

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that there may be organics or nutrients

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that that is sulfur certainly that is

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filling these regions

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and the discoloration is showing us

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now on the lower panel on the on the

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right side is an is another process we

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also believe is going on this is called

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subduction

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this is where

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at a particular crack there may be one

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plate that's moving under another plate

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uh also

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producing heat

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and

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possibly being able to produce plumes

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now as you see in the upper right corner

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as john mentioned this is indeed

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taken from hubble data we've got

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indication uh that there are uh plumes

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uh at europa and hubble has been

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observing europa now for a significant

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period of time in search of

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what are the reasons that these plumes

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are occurring

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so this is indeed a tremendously

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exciting opportunity a time for us and

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what i'd like to do now is switch to a

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little movie

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as john mentioned

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we've started the process of announcing

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our instruments for

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a multiple flyby mission of europa

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this particular movie once we get her

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started shows our our

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concept of our spacecraft

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flying by europa it's actually orbiting

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jupiter we find that multiple flybys

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can allow us

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to get a complete picture of europa

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uh after many flybys also the

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opportunity of flying through one of the

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plumes

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so the instruments that we're going to

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talk about today indeed set the stage

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for what europa looks like

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in great detail on its surface it tells

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us

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perhaps how the under

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ice crust ocean is communicating with

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the surface

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through these plumes and allows us to

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make these kind of detailed measurements

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over a long period of time

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and so to understand what we've selected

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and to talk about each of the

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instruments let me turn it over to kurt

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nieber kurt thanks jim

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we received 33 proposals from people

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interested in building instruments for

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this mission and today we're announcing

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the selection of nine of those to fly on

288
00:11:14,470 --> 00:11:13,040
the spacecraft that we eventually send

289
00:11:15,670 --> 00:11:14,480
to europa

290
00:11:18,310 --> 00:11:15,680
all of these

291
00:11:20,470 --> 00:11:18,320
instruments are designed to increase our

292
00:11:22,069 --> 00:11:20,480
rather limited knowledge of europa and

293
00:11:24,870 --> 00:11:22,079
they're doing that by helping us probe

294
00:11:26,870 --> 00:11:24,880
the big question which is is europa

295
00:11:28,949 --> 00:11:26,880
habitable that's a very difficult

296
00:11:31,670 --> 00:11:28,959
question to answer and these instruments

297
00:11:32,949 --> 00:11:31,680
all pursue a different aspect of that

298
00:11:34,230 --> 00:11:32,959
big question

299
00:11:35,190 --> 00:11:34,240
so if i could have the first slide

300
00:11:37,430 --> 00:11:35,200
please

301
00:11:39,190 --> 00:11:37,440
the first two instruments that we'll be

302
00:11:42,069 --> 00:11:39,200
talking about today are magnetometer and

303
00:11:44,150 --> 00:11:42,079
a series of three faraday cups these are

304
00:11:46,710 --> 00:11:44,160
rather small and straightforward

305
00:11:48,790 --> 00:11:46,720
instruments that provide a very powerful

306
00:11:50,470 --> 00:11:48,800
and useful data set

307
00:11:52,069 --> 00:11:50,480
what they allow us to do by measuring

308
00:11:54,230 --> 00:11:52,079
the magnetic field and the plasma

309
00:11:55,350 --> 00:11:54,240
environment of europa in exquisite

310
00:11:57,190 --> 00:11:55,360
detail

311
00:12:00,069 --> 00:11:57,200
means that we can essentially take an

312
00:12:03,110 --> 00:12:00,079
mri of the interior structure of europa

313
00:12:05,350 --> 00:12:03,120
without actually accessing it

314
00:12:07,190 --> 00:12:05,360
what they can do if you look at the

315
00:12:09,110 --> 00:12:07,200
the part of the lower right that very

316
00:12:11,350 --> 00:12:09,120
complex diagram what that indicates is

317
00:12:13,269 --> 00:12:11,360
that if we're very clever

318
00:12:15,030 --> 00:12:13,279
and when and where we take those

319
00:12:17,990 --> 00:12:15,040
measurements what we can actually do as

320
00:12:22,069 --> 00:12:18,000
we fly by europa is figure out how deep

321
00:12:23,829 --> 00:12:22,079
that global ocean is and how salty it is

322
00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:23,839
and we can do all of that without

323
00:12:28,230 --> 00:12:25,600
actually cracking open the crust and

324
00:12:30,230 --> 00:12:28,240
dipping our instruments into the ocean

325
00:12:33,509 --> 00:12:30,240
just as a doctor can see what's going on

326
00:12:35,750 --> 00:12:33,519
inside your body by using an mri

327
00:12:37,110 --> 00:12:35,760
next slide please

328
00:12:39,190 --> 00:12:37,120
the next instrument i want to talk about

329
00:12:41,590 --> 00:12:39,200
is a special camera we call an infrared

330
00:12:44,629 --> 00:12:41,600
spectrometer but this camera doesn't

331
00:12:46,949 --> 00:12:44,639
take pictures of the surface instead it

332
00:12:49,030 --> 00:12:46,959
acquires something we call spectra which

333
00:12:51,430 --> 00:12:49,040
are those squiggly lines you see on the

334
00:12:54,230 --> 00:12:51,440
right hand side in the logo

335
00:12:56,310 --> 00:12:54,240
spectra are very beautiful things

336
00:12:58,150 --> 00:12:56,320
because they're not random squiggly

337
00:13:00,230 --> 00:12:58,160
lines they're actually unique

338
00:13:02,069 --> 00:13:00,240
fingerprints that can tell us what

339
00:13:03,350 --> 00:13:02,079
materials are on or on the surface of

340
00:13:05,269 --> 00:13:03,360
europa

341
00:13:08,230 --> 00:13:05,279
so if we know that a certain material

342
00:13:10,389 --> 00:13:08,240
say table salt has a squiggly line of a

343
00:13:12,470 --> 00:13:10,399
certain shape a fingerprint of a certain

344
00:13:14,230 --> 00:13:12,480
shape and then we and then this

345
00:13:15,350 --> 00:13:14,240
instrument shows us that fingerprint on

346
00:13:17,269 --> 00:13:15,360
europa

347
00:13:19,269 --> 00:13:17,279
what we then know is that table salt

348
00:13:21,509 --> 00:13:19,279
exists on europa

349
00:13:24,870 --> 00:13:21,519
and by cataloging the entire surface we

350
00:13:27,030 --> 00:13:24,880
can get a near global map of the stuff

351
00:13:29,509 --> 00:13:27,040
that populates europa's surface we can

352
00:13:31,670 --> 00:13:29,519
know what it is made out of and we can

353
00:13:33,190 --> 00:13:31,680
do that for almost the entire surface

354
00:13:35,590 --> 00:13:33,200
now the reason that's important is

355
00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:35,600
because of that brownish gunk that jim

356
00:13:39,590 --> 00:13:37,120
mentioned and that is our

357
00:13:42,230 --> 00:13:39,600
state-of-the-art term for it brown gunk

358
00:13:44,550 --> 00:13:42,240
because we don't know what it is we have

359
00:13:46,790 --> 00:13:44,560
a lot of educated guesses

360
00:13:49,829 --> 00:13:46,800
but they're just that they're guesses we

361
00:13:52,069 --> 00:13:49,839
need actual data to be able to nail this

362
00:13:53,590 --> 00:13:52,079
material down and this material is

363
00:13:54,949 --> 00:13:53,600
important because as you see in the

364
00:13:57,350 --> 00:13:54,959
middle picture

365
00:14:00,230 --> 00:13:57,360
there that brownish gunk

366
00:14:03,269 --> 00:14:00,240
is associated with the absolute newest

367
00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:03,279
youngest areas on europa's surface

368
00:14:07,829 --> 00:14:05,040
these are areas where we think that

369
00:14:10,150 --> 00:14:07,839
water is erupting onto the surface just

370
00:14:11,430 --> 00:14:10,160
like lava erupts onto the surface of

371
00:14:14,069 --> 00:14:11,440
earth

372
00:14:15,750 --> 00:14:14,079
and this brownish gunk is what is being

373
00:14:18,470 --> 00:14:15,760
carried in that water so if we can

374
00:14:20,629 --> 00:14:18,480
determine what that brown gunk is

375
00:14:23,350 --> 00:14:20,639
we can then understand what is in the

376
00:14:25,189 --> 00:14:23,360
water what's in the oceans of europa and

377
00:14:27,189 --> 00:14:25,199
that is an incredibly important question

378
00:14:30,389 --> 00:14:27,199
to answer if we're trying to figure out

379
00:14:32,069 --> 00:14:30,399
if this place is habitable next slide

380
00:14:33,910 --> 00:14:32,079
please

381
00:14:35,910 --> 00:14:33,920
so the next instrument is actually is a

382
00:14:38,389 --> 00:14:35,920
camera and it's actually a set of two

383
00:14:40,949 --> 00:14:38,399
cameras there is a wide angle camera

384
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:40,959
that provides large images of relatively

385
00:14:45,269 --> 00:14:43,360
low resolution of the surface and those

386
00:14:47,670 --> 00:14:45,279
images are in color and then there's a

387
00:14:49,590 --> 00:14:47,680
narrow angle camera that provides very

388
00:14:51,910 --> 00:14:49,600
high resolution images

389
00:14:52,949 --> 00:14:51,920
this is really a critical instrument for

390
00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:52,959
this mission

391
00:14:57,350 --> 00:14:54,720
because the best pictures we have of

392
00:14:59,750 --> 00:14:57,360
europa are from galileo the mission that

393
00:15:02,069 --> 00:14:59,760
that john mentioned and galileo was a

394
00:15:04,150 --> 00:15:02,079
truly phenomenal mission and is the

395
00:15:06,470 --> 00:15:04,160
mission that that revealed to us that

396
00:15:08,629 --> 00:15:06,480
there's a global ocean on europa

397
00:15:09,350 --> 00:15:08,639
but we often overlook the simple fact

398
00:15:11,590 --> 00:15:09,360
that

399
00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:11,600
galileo only flew by europa about 11

400
00:15:14,790 --> 00:15:12,480
times

401
00:15:17,990 --> 00:15:14,800
it did not get a lot of pictures of

402
00:15:21,910 --> 00:15:19,990
when you sum all those pictures up we've

403
00:15:24,710 --> 00:15:21,920
only seen about 10 percent of the

404
00:15:27,030 --> 00:15:24,720
surface of europa at a resolution of 200

405
00:15:29,430 --> 00:15:27,040
meters or better that means that there

406
00:15:31,189 --> 00:15:29,440
is a lot of terrain that we don't really

407
00:15:33,990 --> 00:15:31,199
have good pictures of

408
00:15:36,069 --> 00:15:34,000
but we have spent the past 15 years

409
00:15:38,949 --> 00:15:36,079
pouring over those small number of

410
00:15:41,750 --> 00:15:38,959
pictures over and over again for two

411
00:15:43,430 --> 00:15:41,760
reasons first of all because they're the

412
00:15:45,509 --> 00:15:43,440
only pictures we have

413
00:15:47,509 --> 00:15:45,519
and second of all because they're such

414
00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:47,519
fascinating pictures and you see

415
00:15:51,350 --> 00:15:49,680
examples of some of those on this slide

416
00:15:53,670 --> 00:15:51,360
in the center you see a picture of an

417
00:15:56,069 --> 00:15:53,680
area that that looks like a cracked up

418
00:15:58,550 --> 00:15:56,079
jigsaw puzzle we see regions on europa

419
00:16:00,870 --> 00:15:58,560
where there are huge blocks tens of

420
00:16:02,470 --> 00:16:00,880
kilometers across that look like

421
00:16:04,629 --> 00:16:02,480
icebergs that have been melted out and

422
00:16:06,069 --> 00:16:04,639
have rotated and shifted and you can

423
00:16:08,629 --> 00:16:06,079
actually look at this picture and you

424
00:16:10,389 --> 00:16:08,639
can reassemble that jigsaw puzzle and

425
00:16:12,629 --> 00:16:10,399
put those pieces back together but

426
00:16:14,310 --> 00:16:12,639
something caused them to shift

427
00:16:17,430 --> 00:16:14,320
we also see in the lower left hand

428
00:16:19,030 --> 00:16:17,440
corner icebergs that are kilometers high

429
00:16:21,030 --> 00:16:19,040
with sheer with

430
00:16:22,389 --> 00:16:21,040
sheer vertical cliffs

431
00:16:24,629 --> 00:16:22,399
and then in the upper right corner you

432
00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:24,639
see these odd ridges that are ubiquitous

433
00:16:29,189 --> 00:16:26,880
on europa they are everywhere

434
00:16:31,430 --> 00:16:29,199
and they look remarkably similar to the

435
00:16:33,670 --> 00:16:31,440
mid-ocean spread spreading ridges we see

436
00:16:36,389 --> 00:16:33,680
on earth where these are ridges that are

437
00:16:38,230 --> 00:16:36,399
pulling apart from one another as in

438
00:16:41,030 --> 00:16:38,240
this case water could be erupting from

439
00:16:42,710 --> 00:16:41,040
below and pushing the crust apart

440
00:16:44,710 --> 00:16:42,720
these are the things we've seen just by

441
00:16:46,949 --> 00:16:44,720
looking at 10 percent

442
00:16:49,829 --> 00:16:46,959
of the surface of europa the instrument

443
00:16:51,990 --> 00:16:49,839
we selected today will cover almost 90

444
00:16:53,189 --> 00:16:52,000
percent of the surface at 50 meter

445
00:16:55,110 --> 00:16:53,199
resolution

446
00:16:57,110 --> 00:16:55,120
and if we've seen such amazing things on

447
00:16:59,269 --> 00:16:57,120
only 10 percent of the surface it's hard

448
00:17:01,269 --> 00:16:59,279
to even imagine the amazing things we'll

449
00:17:02,949 --> 00:17:01,279
see when we look at the rest of europa

450
00:17:04,789 --> 00:17:02,959
at even better res

451
00:17:08,150 --> 00:17:04,799
even better resolution

452
00:17:12,069 --> 00:17:10,150
as john mentioned we think europa has a

453
00:17:14,390 --> 00:17:12,079
very young surface because there aren't

454
00:17:16,470 --> 00:17:14,400
a lot of craters on the surface and if

455
00:17:18,549 --> 00:17:16,480
it's young that means it must be very

456
00:17:20,069 --> 00:17:18,559
active something is causing that surface

457
00:17:21,590 --> 00:17:20,079
to renew itself

458
00:17:23,669 --> 00:17:21,600
the next two instruments help us

459
00:17:26,150 --> 00:17:23,679
investigate that activity something is

460
00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:26,160
causing the surface of europa to turn

461
00:17:30,470 --> 00:17:28,799
over to generate new surface

462
00:17:32,470 --> 00:17:30,480
what the ice penetrating radar on the

463
00:17:34,390 --> 00:17:32,480
left here does is allow us to see

464
00:17:37,110 --> 00:17:34,400
underneath the surface of europa we can

465
00:17:38,950 --> 00:17:37,120
actually probe it in three dimensions

466
00:17:40,950 --> 00:17:38,960
it allows us to see the structure in the

467
00:17:43,190 --> 00:17:40,960
layers of the ice underneath see how

468
00:17:44,390 --> 00:17:43,200
those layers have shifted and bent and

469
00:17:45,990 --> 00:17:44,400
twisted

470
00:17:48,549 --> 00:17:46,000
and what that means is we can see how

471
00:17:51,270 --> 00:17:48,559
they're oriented and get a better idea

472
00:17:53,270 --> 00:17:51,280
of how they have changed through time

473
00:17:55,590 --> 00:17:53,280
this radar is also very good at

474
00:17:57,909 --> 00:17:55,600
detecting subsurface water

475
00:18:00,470 --> 00:17:57,919
recently we we have strong evidence that

476
00:18:02,789 --> 00:18:00,480
there are lakes underneath the ice crust

477
00:18:06,630 --> 00:18:02,799
on europa just as we have found over the

478
00:18:08,710 --> 00:18:06,640
past decade or so in antarctica on earth

479
00:18:10,630 --> 00:18:08,720
and we think these lakes are incredibly

480
00:18:12,710 --> 00:18:10,640
common on europa

481
00:18:15,190 --> 00:18:12,720
this radar will be able to identify

482
00:18:17,909 --> 00:18:15,200
those lakes tell us where they are how

483
00:18:19,350 --> 00:18:17,919
big they are how much water they contain

484
00:18:21,350 --> 00:18:19,360
and this is important because these

485
00:18:22,310 --> 00:18:21,360
lakes are likely very close to the

486
00:18:24,950 --> 00:18:22,320
surface

487
00:18:26,310 --> 00:18:24,960
which makes them easier to study

488
00:18:28,710 --> 00:18:26,320
the other instrument you see on this

489
00:18:30,630 --> 00:18:28,720
slide is what we call the thermal imager

490
00:18:32,630 --> 00:18:30,640
this is our heat detector

491
00:18:34,150 --> 00:18:32,640
this is important because if there's

492
00:18:37,350 --> 00:18:34,160
activity going on on the surface of

493
00:18:38,310 --> 00:18:37,360
europa that activity is associated with

494
00:18:40,310 --> 00:18:38,320
heat

495
00:18:42,549 --> 00:18:40,320
that's what's powering the engine that's

496
00:18:44,549 --> 00:18:42,559
going that's operating here

497
00:18:46,150 --> 00:18:44,559
so finding the relatively hot spots can

498
00:18:48,950 --> 00:18:46,160
help us understand where and how

499
00:18:51,750 --> 00:18:48,960
europa's surface is active

500
00:18:54,950 --> 00:18:51,760
hot spots being a fairly relative term

501
00:18:56,710 --> 00:18:54,960
europa surface is about minus 160

502
00:18:58,549 --> 00:18:56,720
degrees celsius

503
00:19:00,789 --> 00:18:58,559
we're looking for areas that that are

504
00:19:03,190 --> 00:19:00,799
just a couple of degrees warmer than

505
00:19:05,270 --> 00:19:03,200
that so we're still talking very frigid

506
00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:05,280
temperatures so this is an incredibly

507
00:19:09,110 --> 00:19:07,280
sensitive instrument

508
00:19:11,190 --> 00:19:09,120
but conversely

509
00:19:13,110 --> 00:19:11,200
there might be areas on europa such as

510
00:19:16,470 --> 00:19:13,120
where plumes are erupting or where

511
00:19:18,870 --> 00:19:16,480
there's active eruptions of water

512
00:19:21,510 --> 00:19:18,880
that might be 100 or even 150 degrees

513
00:19:23,350 --> 00:19:21,520
warmer than that and this instrument

514
00:19:24,470 --> 00:19:23,360
will do a very good job of pinpointing

515
00:19:26,470 --> 00:19:24,480
those regions

516
00:19:28,150 --> 00:19:26,480
some of which could be very small and

517
00:19:30,230 --> 00:19:28,160
that's what you see in that simulated

518
00:19:31,430 --> 00:19:30,240
image on the lower right hand corner

519
00:19:34,310 --> 00:19:31,440
that's an image of one of those

520
00:19:35,750 --> 00:19:34,320
spreading ridges that we see on europa

521
00:19:38,310 --> 00:19:35,760
along with what we think could be the

522
00:19:40,549 --> 00:19:38,320
heat signature the thermal signature as

523
00:19:42,310 --> 00:19:40,559
it erupts new material onto the surface

524
00:19:44,310 --> 00:19:42,320
and this thermal imager will be able to

525
00:19:46,470 --> 00:19:44,320
spot that activity

526
00:19:48,950 --> 00:19:46,480
very precisely

527
00:19:51,270 --> 00:19:48,960
next slide please

528
00:19:53,510 --> 00:19:51,280
next we come to our next two instruments

529
00:19:55,990 --> 00:19:53,520
that are composition instruments these

530
00:19:58,630 --> 00:19:56,000
provide very detailed information on the

531
00:20:00,549 --> 00:19:58,640
composition of europa using a different

532
00:20:02,390 --> 00:20:00,559
technique than the infrared spectrometer

533
00:20:04,390 --> 00:20:02,400
i already mentioned

534
00:20:06,630 --> 00:20:04,400
the infrared spectrometer is

535
00:20:08,150 --> 00:20:06,640
looking at the entire surface of europa

536
00:20:10,549 --> 00:20:08,160
but what these instruments do is they

537
00:20:12,630 --> 00:20:10,559
actually ingest samples of europa that

538
00:20:14,310 --> 00:20:12,640
have been blasted into space and

539
00:20:15,830 --> 00:20:14,320
directly measure them

540
00:20:17,750 --> 00:20:15,840
the first one in the top left-hand

541
00:20:20,070 --> 00:20:17,760
corner is called mass specs

542
00:20:22,150 --> 00:20:20,080
and what this does is essentially sample

543
00:20:26,789 --> 00:20:22,160
the atmosphere of europa

544
00:20:28,950 --> 00:20:26,799
is really a misnomer europa's doesn't

545
00:20:31,350 --> 00:20:28,960
have an atmosphere it's it's a vacuum so

546
00:20:33,190 --> 00:20:31,360
the materials we see around europa are

547
00:20:35,110 --> 00:20:33,200
actually materials from the surface that

548
00:20:37,909 --> 00:20:35,120
have been lofted into space

549
00:20:40,549 --> 00:20:37,919
and what this instrument does is analyze

550
00:20:41,990 --> 00:20:40,559
the composition of those surface samples

551
00:20:44,390 --> 00:20:42,000
those gases

552
00:20:46,830 --> 00:20:44,400
to an incredibly precise degree better

553
00:20:49,430 --> 00:20:46,840
than we ever have with any other

554
00:20:51,270 --> 00:20:49,440
mission similarly the second instrument

555
00:20:53,430 --> 00:20:51,280
called suda does about the same thing

556
00:20:55,909 --> 00:20:53,440
but instead of working with gases

557
00:20:58,230 --> 00:20:55,919
it's working with dust it is working

558
00:21:00,230 --> 00:20:58,240
with very small particulates of rock and

559
00:21:02,230 --> 00:21:00,240
ice that have been blasted off the

560
00:21:04,149 --> 00:21:02,240
surface of europa and lofted up to where

561
00:21:05,830 --> 00:21:04,159
the spacecraft is at

562
00:21:07,590 --> 00:21:05,840
and working together with these two

563
00:21:10,549 --> 00:21:07,600
instruments can do is measure the

564
00:21:13,350 --> 00:21:10,559
surface composition of europa without

565
00:21:15,990 --> 00:21:13,360
actually having to land on europa which

566
00:21:18,310 --> 00:21:16,000
is a very powerful technique for us but

567
00:21:20,470 --> 00:21:18,320
the real power of these two instruments

568
00:21:23,270 --> 00:21:20,480
is shown in the center picture here

569
00:21:25,029 --> 00:21:23,280
which is a diagram uh denoting some of

570
00:21:27,110 --> 00:21:25,039
the chemistry that occurs on the

571
00:21:28,070 --> 00:21:27,120
hydrothermal vents on earth's ocean

572
00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:28,080
floor

573
00:21:31,909 --> 00:21:29,760
with these two instruments what we can

574
00:21:33,430 --> 00:21:31,919
do is when samples from down there are

575
00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:33,440
lofted to the surface and brought to the

576
00:21:37,029 --> 00:21:35,360
spacecraft these instruments are

577
00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:37,039
powerful enough

578
00:21:41,909 --> 00:21:39,520
and precise enough that they can

579
00:21:43,669 --> 00:21:41,919
actually from orbit

580
00:21:46,390 --> 00:21:43,679
teach us about the chemistry happening

581
00:21:48,230 --> 00:21:46,400
at the bottom of europa's ocean

582
00:21:49,430 --> 00:21:48,240
without actually having to dive into

583
00:21:50,789 --> 00:21:49,440
that ocean

584
00:21:52,630 --> 00:21:50,799
these are techniques that we've used

585
00:21:54,950 --> 00:21:52,640
very successfully on the cassini mission

586
00:21:57,270 --> 00:21:54,960
to understand enceladus and its ocean

587
00:21:59,669 --> 00:21:57,280
and its plumes the instruments that

588
00:22:01,830 --> 00:21:59,679
we'll be taking on to europa are several

589
00:22:04,950 --> 00:22:01,840
generations more advanced

590
00:22:07,909 --> 00:22:04,960
than what we have on the cassini mission

591
00:22:12,630 --> 00:22:10,070
and finally we have our plume hunter an

592
00:22:15,190 --> 00:22:12,640
ultraviolet spectrograph this is an

593
00:22:17,590 --> 00:22:15,200
instrument that is specifically designed

594
00:22:19,110 --> 00:22:17,600
to find the plumes that that we recently

595
00:22:19,830 --> 00:22:19,120
discovered and that we're so interested

596
00:22:25,750 --> 00:22:19,840
in

597
00:22:27,590 --> 00:22:25,760
about the plumes but this is the

598
00:22:29,270 --> 00:22:27,600
instrument that specifically is designed

599
00:22:31,669 --> 00:22:29,280
to hunt them down

600
00:22:33,750 --> 00:22:31,679
and tell us where they're at

601
00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:33,760
this instrument uses the same technique

602
00:22:38,149 --> 00:22:35,840
that the hubble space telescope used to

603
00:22:40,230 --> 00:22:38,159
first find evidence of these plumes and

604
00:22:42,630 --> 00:22:40,240
as we are flying both near and far from

605
00:22:45,430 --> 00:22:42,640
europa it will identify where those

606
00:22:48,070 --> 00:22:45,440
plumes are how active they are what kind

607
00:22:50,149 --> 00:22:48,080
of materials they are spewing into space

608
00:22:52,070 --> 00:22:50,159
and how they vary with time because as

609
00:22:54,149 --> 00:22:52,080
john mentioned we're already seeing

610
00:22:57,190 --> 00:22:54,159
evidence that these plumes change with

611
00:22:59,430 --> 00:22:57,200
time they start they stop they move they

612
00:23:01,510 --> 00:22:59,440
start up again the dynamics of these

613
00:23:03,909 --> 00:23:01,520
plumes are very complicated and we don't

614
00:23:06,549 --> 00:23:03,919
understand them yet so bringing along an

615
00:23:08,390 --> 00:23:06,559
instrument that can observe those plumes

616
00:23:10,630 --> 00:23:08,400
and give us an understanding as to where

617
00:23:12,630 --> 00:23:10,640
and why they pop up is incredibly

618
00:23:14,630 --> 00:23:12,640
valuable

619
00:23:16,310 --> 00:23:14,640
next slide please

620
00:23:17,510 --> 00:23:16,320
so this is a very wonderful set of

621
00:23:19,510 --> 00:23:17,520
instruments

622
00:23:23,190 --> 00:23:19,520
but recall that the big question that

623
00:23:25,190 --> 00:23:23,200
this mission needs to answer is europa

624
00:23:27,750 --> 00:23:25,200
habitable

625
00:23:28,710 --> 00:23:27,760
posing big questions like that is very

626
00:23:30,470 --> 00:23:28,720
easy

627
00:23:32,630 --> 00:23:30,480
but answering them is much more

628
00:23:35,029 --> 00:23:32,640
difficult so what we need to do to

629
00:23:37,110 --> 00:23:35,039
answer that big question is europa

630
00:23:39,750 --> 00:23:37,120
habitable is break it apart into more

631
00:23:41,270 --> 00:23:39,760
manual manageable chunks into smaller

632
00:23:42,630 --> 00:23:41,280
questions that we can answer

633
00:23:44,870 --> 00:23:42,640
definitively

634
00:23:46,390 --> 00:23:44,880
and those are the questions listed here

635
00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:46,400
these are the questions that the next

636
00:23:50,230 --> 00:23:47,840
mission to europa

637
00:23:52,710 --> 00:23:50,240
must answer because once we have

638
00:23:55,190 --> 00:23:52,720
definitive answers to these questions we

639
00:23:58,149 --> 00:23:55,200
can then attack the bigger question of

640
00:24:00,390 --> 00:23:58,159
is europa habitable so once we know how

641
00:24:01,350 --> 00:24:00,400
deep and salty that ocean is we can get

642
00:24:02,710 --> 00:24:01,360
a better understanding about

643
00:24:05,110 --> 00:24:02,720
habitability

644
00:24:06,710 --> 00:24:05,120
once we know how thick the ice shell is

645
00:24:08,950 --> 00:24:06,720
and to what extent it communicates with

646
00:24:10,789 --> 00:24:08,960
that ocean and brings material up to the

647
00:24:12,950 --> 00:24:10,799
surface of material back down into the

648
00:24:15,190 --> 00:24:12,960
water we can have a better understanding

649
00:24:17,110 --> 00:24:15,200
of whether or not europa is habitable

650
00:24:19,750 --> 00:24:17,120
once we understand how active the ice

651
00:24:21,430 --> 00:24:19,760
shell is and how it is behaving with

652
00:24:23,190 --> 00:24:21,440
time we can better understand

653
00:24:24,789 --> 00:24:23,200
habitability

654
00:24:27,830 --> 00:24:24,799
and once we understand what that

655
00:24:29,830 --> 00:24:27,840
ubiquitous brown gunk is

656
00:24:32,630 --> 00:24:29,840
we can understand what one of the direct

657
00:24:34,149 --> 00:24:32,640
components of that ocean is

658
00:24:36,630 --> 00:24:34,159
all of these things feed into that

659
00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:36,640
habitability question and finally one of

660
00:24:40,310 --> 00:24:38,320
the most recent questions that we've

661
00:24:41,669 --> 00:24:40,320
begun struggling to answer is where are

662
00:24:43,190 --> 00:24:41,679
those plumes

663
00:24:45,269 --> 00:24:43,200
what's in them

664
00:24:48,070 --> 00:24:45,279
are they really coming are they really

665
00:24:50,789 --> 00:24:48,080
delivering samples of the ocean to us in

666
00:24:53,110 --> 00:24:50,799
space that we can easily access

667
00:24:54,789 --> 00:24:53,120
and if that's the case how can we get at

668
00:24:56,070 --> 00:24:54,799
them and what kind of measurements can

669
00:24:58,390 --> 00:24:56,080
we take on them

670
00:25:00,789 --> 00:24:58,400
this payload will answer all of these

671
00:25:02,230 --> 00:25:00,799
questions and help us take great strides

672
00:25:06,310 --> 00:25:02,240
forward in understanding the

673
00:25:11,430 --> 00:25:08,950
thank you kurt now let's go into the q a

674
00:25:13,430 --> 00:25:11,440
session if you'd like to ask a question

675
00:25:14,390 --> 00:25:13,440
using social media please use the

676
00:25:17,510 --> 00:25:14,400
hashtag

677
00:25:21,029 --> 00:25:19,430
so before we take questions from social

678
00:25:26,390 --> 00:25:21,039
media let's see if there are any

679
00:25:32,710 --> 00:25:28,390
okay please wait for the mic and say

680
00:25:36,870 --> 00:25:36,149
uh my name's katie hi

681
00:25:40,549 --> 00:25:36,880
so

682
00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:40,559
if you were able to detect any form of

683
00:25:43,269 --> 00:25:41,520
life

684
00:25:47,590 --> 00:25:43,279
what would be the next steps that you

685
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:52,390
okay i would immediately retire

686
00:25:55,909 --> 00:25:53,350
that's a

687
00:25:57,909 --> 00:25:55,919
i've been telling everyone that you know

688
00:26:00,230 --> 00:25:57,919
answering that big question is is there

689
00:26:01,510 --> 00:26:00,240
life in the universe really starts

690
00:26:02,870 --> 00:26:01,520
uh from

691
00:26:05,110 --> 00:26:02,880
understanding if there's life in the

692
00:26:07,190 --> 00:26:05,120
solar system europa is one of those

693
00:26:09,590 --> 00:26:07,200
critical areas where we believe the

694
00:26:10,789 --> 00:26:09,600
environment is just

695
00:26:13,510 --> 00:26:10,799
perfect

696
00:26:15,430 --> 00:26:13,520
for potential development of life and

697
00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:15,440
and so this mission will

698
00:26:19,830 --> 00:26:17,120
be that step

699
00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:19,840
that helps us understand the environment

700
00:26:25,430 --> 00:26:22,880
and and hopefully give us an indication

701
00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:25,440
how habitable the environment could be

702
00:26:29,190 --> 00:26:27,600
if we do find life or indications of

703
00:26:31,830 --> 00:26:29,200
life

704
00:26:34,390 --> 00:26:31,840
that will be an enormous

705
00:26:36,470 --> 00:26:34,400
step forward in our understanding of of

706
00:26:38,390 --> 00:26:36,480
our place in the universe

707
00:26:40,310 --> 00:26:38,400
if there's life in the solar system and

708
00:26:41,590 --> 00:26:40,320
in europa in particular it must be

709
00:26:43,909 --> 00:26:41,600
everywhere

710
00:26:45,190 --> 00:26:43,919
in in our galaxy and perhaps even in the

711
00:26:47,830 --> 00:26:45,200
universe

712
00:26:50,230 --> 00:26:47,840
so uh understanding the these questions

713
00:26:52,310 --> 00:26:50,240
are important because they have uh you

714
00:26:53,430 --> 00:26:52,320
know really a

715
00:26:54,950 --> 00:26:53,440
major

716
00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:54,960
implication to

717
00:26:59,190 --> 00:26:56,640
to our understanding of our place in the

718
00:27:02,789 --> 00:26:59,200
solar system and in the universe

719
00:27:05,190 --> 00:27:02,799
um hello uh nathan ross and um

720
00:27:06,789 --> 00:27:05,200
you mentioned chaos regions and uh could

721
00:27:07,590 --> 00:27:06,799
you go into a little more detail on

722
00:27:10,950 --> 00:27:07,600
those

723
00:27:14,470 --> 00:27:10,960
graphic where we saw a place on the

724
00:27:18,230 --> 00:27:14,480
surface of europa as a chaos region

725
00:27:20,630 --> 00:27:18,240
it's uh my um uh third graphic uh sorry

726
00:27:23,269 --> 00:27:20,640
yes third graphic there what we're

727
00:27:26,470 --> 00:27:23,279
seeing we believe what's underneath that

728
00:27:29,029 --> 00:27:26,480
chaos region perhaps a

729
00:27:31,750 --> 00:27:29,039
melted lake region

730
00:27:35,510 --> 00:27:31,760
and below that it's being heated by

731
00:27:38,149 --> 00:27:35,520
perhaps a hydrothermal vent at a depth

732
00:27:40,470 --> 00:27:38,159
that we don't really know depends on how

733
00:27:41,269 --> 00:27:40,480
hot the thermal vent is and how close it

734
00:27:43,909 --> 00:27:41,279
is

735
00:27:44,870 --> 00:27:43,919
uh to the to the ice crust

736
00:27:46,789 --> 00:27:44,880
and so

737
00:27:49,190 --> 00:27:46,799
as kurt mentioned one of the instruments

738
00:27:51,269 --> 00:27:49,200
which is an ice penetrating radar

739
00:27:53,750 --> 00:27:51,279
we want to target these regions we want

740
00:27:56,230 --> 00:27:53,760
to fly over we want to see these broken

741
00:27:58,630 --> 00:27:56,240
up ice

742
00:28:01,190 --> 00:27:58,640
sheets if you will creating these chaos

743
00:28:03,110 --> 00:28:01,200
regions and see indeed if there's a

744
00:28:05,510 --> 00:28:03,120
perhaps uh they're very thin perhaps

745
00:28:07,430 --> 00:28:05,520
there's a lake underneath it perhaps uh

746
00:28:10,630 --> 00:28:07,440
either they're completely open to the

747
00:28:14,389 --> 00:28:10,640
ocean below or maybe there's a bottom to

748
00:28:17,430 --> 00:28:14,399
them so um uh in this graphic it uh it

749
00:28:22,470 --> 00:28:17,440
proposes a an under ice

750
00:28:26,789 --> 00:28:25,110
thanks jim let's go to the phone lines

751
00:28:28,789 --> 00:28:26,799
and then social media

752
00:28:31,510 --> 00:28:28,799
first on the line we have irene klotz

753
00:28:33,909 --> 00:28:31,520
from reuters irene

754
00:28:36,870 --> 00:28:33,919
hi thanks very much i have several

755
00:28:39,029 --> 00:28:36,880
questions um the first is jim if you can

756
00:28:41,269 --> 00:28:39,039
maybe just give us an overview of the

757
00:28:43,909 --> 00:28:41,279
funding for the europa mission both

758
00:28:46,230 --> 00:28:43,919
nasa's request and the very much more

759
00:28:48,149 --> 00:28:46,240
money that congress seems to be

760
00:28:49,909 --> 00:28:48,159
interested in putting toward it and the

761
00:28:52,470 --> 00:28:49,919
time frame for

762
00:28:54,789 --> 00:28:52,480
for launching and the status of the

763
00:28:56,789 --> 00:28:54,799
proposal to put a lander on it

764
00:28:59,990 --> 00:28:56,799
and also if you could give us a little

765
00:29:01,990 --> 00:29:00,000
rundown of how much these uh the nine

766
00:29:03,750 --> 00:29:02,000
instruments plus the technology

767
00:29:06,310 --> 00:29:03,760
demonstration the one the attempt one

768
00:29:09,830 --> 00:29:06,320
that right now is inflated for the

769
00:29:11,590 --> 00:29:09,840
orbiter or the clipper um how much nasa

770
00:29:12,549 --> 00:29:11,600
is going to be spending on all those

771
00:29:14,310 --> 00:29:12,559
things

772
00:29:16,549 --> 00:29:14,320
okay so let me see if i can go through

773
00:29:19,750 --> 00:29:16,559
all of those and and pass off a few to

774
00:29:21,029 --> 00:29:19,760
um uh to my colleagues here

775
00:29:24,070 --> 00:29:21,039
um

776
00:29:24,830 --> 00:29:24,080
one of your first questions indeed uh

777
00:29:28,149 --> 00:29:24,840
was

778
00:29:29,990 --> 00:29:28,159
um what about the mission itself as we

779
00:29:32,710 --> 00:29:30,000
announced in february when the president

780
00:29:35,510 --> 00:29:32,720
delivered his budget to congress we have

781
00:29:38,710 --> 00:29:35,520
indeed a projected budget

782
00:29:41,190 --> 00:29:38,720
for the europa mission uh out over uh

783
00:29:43,590 --> 00:29:41,200
the five-year projected budget that the

784
00:29:46,549 --> 00:29:43,600
president provides this is a tremendous

785
00:29:49,350 --> 00:29:46,559
opportunity for us to really get serious

786
00:29:51,430 --> 00:29:49,360
complete our initial studies and move

787
00:29:53,430 --> 00:29:51,440
the mission into what we call

788
00:29:55,990 --> 00:29:53,440
uh formulation

789
00:29:58,149 --> 00:29:56,000
so it's not only

790
00:30:00,070 --> 00:29:58,159
important to know that we're moving

791
00:30:02,389 --> 00:30:00,080
towards that the instrument selection is

792
00:30:04,630 --> 00:30:02,399
the start of that process

793
00:30:06,710 --> 00:30:04,640
but our plans are to

794
00:30:08,950 --> 00:30:06,720
have this key decision point of starting

795
00:30:10,389 --> 00:30:08,960
the formulation before the end of this

796
00:30:12,789 --> 00:30:10,399
fiscal year

797
00:30:15,269 --> 00:30:12,799
now how much is the total mission cost i

798
00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:15,279
think is was your next

799
00:30:17,430 --> 00:30:16,240
question

800
00:30:19,909 --> 00:30:17,440
we have

801
00:30:22,310 --> 00:30:19,919
uh some mission concepts some basic

802
00:30:23,750 --> 00:30:22,320
mission concepts that we are exploring

803
00:30:25,510 --> 00:30:23,760
in great detail

804
00:30:27,350 --> 00:30:25,520
uh that

805
00:30:29,350 --> 00:30:27,360
mean that the mission perhaps is on the

806
00:30:31,190 --> 00:30:29,360
order of two billion dollars without the

807
00:30:32,870 --> 00:30:31,200
launch vehicle in that in that

808
00:30:35,190 --> 00:30:32,880
neighborhood

809
00:30:37,350 --> 00:30:35,200
but what's important to understand is

810
00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:37,360
now that we've made the selection of the

811
00:30:40,710 --> 00:30:39,120
instruments we're going to begin the

812
00:30:43,590 --> 00:30:40,720
accommodations

813
00:30:45,750 --> 00:30:43,600
uh on our mission concept we're going to

814
00:30:48,389 --> 00:30:45,760
move the whole

815
00:30:51,269 --> 00:30:48,399
activity into formulation and get really

816
00:30:53,110 --> 00:30:51,279
serious about all aspects of the mission

817
00:30:55,590 --> 00:30:53,120
we won't really have a detailed

818
00:30:58,230 --> 00:30:55,600
understanding of what that cost profile

819
00:30:59,909 --> 00:30:58,240
is until we are further along in the

820
00:31:02,149 --> 00:30:59,919
process

821
00:31:03,590 --> 00:31:02,159
and so to another one of your questions

822
00:31:10,070 --> 00:31:03,600
is

823
00:31:12,230 --> 00:31:10,080
what have we selected um uh uh costing

824
00:31:14,310 --> 00:31:12,240
and for that let me turn it over to uh

825
00:31:16,870 --> 00:31:14,320
kurt nieber to give you an idea of the

826
00:31:18,870 --> 00:31:16,880
of the cost on the instruments

827
00:31:20,710 --> 00:31:18,880
so over the next year or so we'll be

828
00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:20,720
spending about 10 million dollars total

829
00:31:25,990 --> 00:31:23,120
on the instruments and over the next

830
00:31:28,230 --> 00:31:26,000
three years it comes to uh about 100

831
00:31:30,070 --> 00:31:28,240
million about 100 110 million dollars

832
00:31:31,590 --> 00:31:30,080
total on the instruments that'll get us

833
00:31:33,750 --> 00:31:31,600
to the point where we reach a key

834
00:31:35,029 --> 00:31:33,760
decision point where we decide if we're

835
00:31:37,029 --> 00:31:35,039
going to continue on with the

836
00:31:39,509 --> 00:31:37,039
instruments if some of them are no

837
00:31:41,590 --> 00:31:39,519
longer ready uh and need and we need to

838
00:31:43,509 --> 00:31:41,600
revisit them but in about three years

839
00:31:48,310 --> 00:31:43,519
we'll be ready to to commit to that the

840
00:31:51,669 --> 00:31:50,230
okay we'll take one more question from

841
00:31:52,789 --> 00:31:51,679
the phone lines before going to social

842
00:31:56,230 --> 00:31:52,799
media

843
00:31:58,389 --> 00:31:56,240
next we have jeff faust from space news

844
00:32:00,230 --> 00:31:58,399
jeff

845
00:32:02,389 --> 00:32:00,240
hi um sort of a related question to

846
00:32:04,549 --> 00:32:02,399
irene this one sort of on the schedule

847
00:32:06,549 --> 00:32:04,559
the house is pushing a fairly aggressive

848
00:32:09,990 --> 00:32:06,559
schedule in its appropriations bill

849
00:32:12,630 --> 00:32:10,000
seeking to launch europa mission by 2022

850
00:32:14,789 --> 00:32:12,640
is it reasonable that these instruments

851
00:32:19,110 --> 00:32:14,799
selected today would be ready for flight

852
00:32:23,110 --> 00:32:20,950
given the schedules that the instruments

853
00:32:25,669 --> 00:32:23,120
provided us and the time they need

854
00:32:28,149 --> 00:32:25,679
they could be ready in the early 2020s

855
00:32:29,990 --> 00:32:28,159
but that's also dependent upon how much

856
00:32:33,509 --> 00:32:30,000
money is in the budget for us to give

857
00:32:37,750 --> 00:32:35,430
okay we'll take one more question from

858
00:32:40,389 --> 00:32:37,760
the phone lines this is from mike wall

859
00:32:44,149 --> 00:32:40,399
of space.com

860
00:32:47,269 --> 00:32:45,590
um well

861
00:32:49,909 --> 00:32:47,279
yeah hi guys thanks for actually doing

862
00:32:51,669 --> 00:32:49,919
this um so so there are no explicit

863
00:32:53,269 --> 00:32:51,679
light detection instruments on this

864
00:32:55,509 --> 00:32:53,279
mission right are the i mean could any

865
00:32:57,909 --> 00:32:55,519
of these instruments theoretically find

866
00:33:00,389 --> 00:32:57,919
find some signs of

867
00:33:02,710 --> 00:33:00,399
like damn alien life if if any does

868
00:33:04,710 --> 00:33:02,720
exist on europa and if that's the case

869
00:33:08,870 --> 00:33:04,720
what what sorts of things could it be

870
00:33:13,269 --> 00:33:11,110
well actually that's a great question

871
00:33:15,669 --> 00:33:13,279
and the short answer is

872
00:33:18,070 --> 00:33:15,679
they could find indications of life but

873
00:33:19,909 --> 00:33:18,080
as you said they're not life detectors

874
00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:19,919
and in discussing this question over the

875
00:33:23,190 --> 00:33:21,360
past several months

876
00:33:24,470 --> 00:33:23,200
what became clear is

877
00:33:26,230 --> 00:33:24,480
we don't have

878
00:33:28,310 --> 00:33:26,240
a life detector

879
00:33:30,149 --> 00:33:28,320
we currently don't even have consensus

880
00:33:32,710 --> 00:33:30,159
among the scientific community as to

881
00:33:34,789 --> 00:33:32,720
what we would measure that would tell

882
00:33:36,870 --> 00:33:34,799
everybody with confidence this thing

883
00:33:37,750 --> 00:33:36,880
you're looking at it is alive

884
00:33:39,669 --> 00:33:37,760
so

885
00:33:41,590 --> 00:33:39,679
building a life detector is incredibly

886
00:33:43,590 --> 00:33:41,600
difficult we're not really sure how to

887
00:33:46,230 --> 00:33:43,600
go about building it yet

888
00:33:48,230 --> 00:33:46,240
but it's something that has received

889
00:33:50,230 --> 00:33:48,240
renewed interest and vigor lately

890
00:33:51,909 --> 00:33:50,240
because of the europa mission so that's

891
00:33:54,470 --> 00:33:51,919
something that we're going to be poking

892
00:33:56,470 --> 00:33:54,480
into a lot more aggressively in the near

893
00:33:59,430 --> 00:33:56,480
future

894
00:34:02,470 --> 00:33:59,440
thank thanks kurt uh next question we

895
00:34:04,789 --> 00:34:02,480
have is from ken cramer of uni universe

896
00:34:06,870 --> 00:34:04,799
today

897
00:34:08,950 --> 00:34:06,880
hi thank you for taking my question and

898
00:34:10,869 --> 00:34:08,960
uh doing this briefing i have a few

899
00:34:12,470 --> 00:34:10,879
questions about um the science

900
00:34:14,550 --> 00:34:12,480
instruments one

901
00:34:16,230 --> 00:34:14,560
i wonder depending on the budget uh

902
00:34:18,149 --> 00:34:16,240
could you add more

903
00:34:19,829 --> 00:34:18,159
i'm also wondering on the mass spec can

904
00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:19,839
you talk a little bit about what's the

905
00:34:25,669 --> 00:34:23,200
mass range that it uh can detect uh

906
00:34:29,190 --> 00:34:25,679
uh is there a chiral analyzer that might

907
00:34:31,669 --> 00:34:29,200
be aboard and about the flybys how how

908
00:34:35,190 --> 00:34:31,679
how many do you expect to accomplish and

909
00:34:36,710 --> 00:34:35,200
how long would they be thank you

910
00:34:38,950 --> 00:34:36,720
the issue with the number of instruments

911
00:34:40,550 --> 00:34:38,960
isn't so much money it's real estate

912
00:34:43,109 --> 00:34:40,560
available on the spacecraft you you've

913
00:34:45,190 --> 00:34:43,119
got to have room to bolt them onto onto

914
00:34:47,109 --> 00:34:45,200
the spacecraft you have to have the mass

915
00:34:48,790 --> 00:34:47,119
available to fit them onto the launch

916
00:34:50,710 --> 00:34:48,800
vehicle and you've got to have the power

917
00:34:51,909 --> 00:34:50,720
available to turn them on

918
00:34:53,909 --> 00:34:51,919
so it's

919
00:34:55,909 --> 00:34:53,919
those are the primary considerations

920
00:34:57,750 --> 00:34:55,919
that that drive the size of the payload

921
00:34:59,910 --> 00:34:57,760
as opposed to the cost

922
00:35:01,670 --> 00:34:59,920
you asked about the mass spectrometer

923
00:35:04,550 --> 00:35:01,680
this mass spectrometer that the mass

924
00:35:07,030 --> 00:35:04,560
range is from one to a thousand daltons

925
00:35:09,750 --> 00:35:07,040
uh to give you an idea the cassini mass

926
00:35:11,430 --> 00:35:09,760
spectrometer is between 50 and 100

927
00:35:13,510 --> 00:35:11,440
daltons depending on what mode you have

928
00:35:15,829 --> 00:35:13,520
it operating in and the mass resolution

929
00:35:17,430 --> 00:35:15,839
of this mass spectrometer is also

930
00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:17,440
phenomenal

931
00:35:22,390 --> 00:35:19,920
so it's an incredibly capable mass

932
00:35:24,950 --> 00:35:22,400
spectrometer uh and then your last

933
00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:24,960
question i'm sorry what what was your

934
00:35:27,910 --> 00:35:26,400
last question

935
00:35:29,910 --> 00:35:27,920
analyzer and

936
00:35:30,790 --> 00:35:29,920
also about the flybys how many you'd be

937
00:35:32,790 --> 00:35:30,800
doing

938
00:35:34,870 --> 00:35:32,800
we don't have the ability to detect

939
00:35:37,190 --> 00:35:34,880
chirality with the map with the payload

940
00:35:39,910 --> 00:35:37,200
we selected and right now the baseline

941
00:35:42,630 --> 00:35:39,920
mission we're looking at about 45 flybys

942
00:35:47,510 --> 00:35:45,190
great thanks kurt now let's go take some

943
00:35:49,349 --> 00:35:47,520
questions from social media here is

944
00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:49,359
jason townsend from our social media

945
00:35:53,750 --> 00:35:51,200
team so what kind of questions are we

946
00:35:55,349 --> 00:35:53,760
getting on social media today jason

947
00:35:57,109 --> 00:35:55,359
we're getting a wide variety here uh

948
00:35:59,270 --> 00:35:57,119
following up on the last question here

949
00:36:01,270 --> 00:35:59,280
casey dreyer asks how does the

950
00:36:02,870 --> 00:36:01,280
resolution of the mass spec instrument

951
00:36:05,109 --> 00:36:02,880
actually compare to the mass spec on

952
00:36:10,790 --> 00:36:05,119
cassini and what could you detect that

953
00:36:14,550 --> 00:36:12,710
i won't bore you with the numbers the

954
00:36:16,790 --> 00:36:14,560
the the comparison to the resolution of

955
00:36:19,510 --> 00:36:16,800
the mass spec for cassini is that

956
00:36:21,589 --> 00:36:19,520
there's really not much of a comparison

957
00:36:23,829 --> 00:36:21,599
the the mass spectrometer on cassini was

958
00:36:26,310 --> 00:36:23,839
excellent from when it was built which

959
00:36:28,390 --> 00:36:26,320
was the early 1990s the mass

960
00:36:31,190 --> 00:36:28,400
spectrometer that we selected today is

961
00:36:33,109 --> 00:36:31,200
very advanced and it has benefited from

962
00:36:35,750 --> 00:36:33,119
a significant investment from nasa over

963
00:36:38,069 --> 00:36:35,760
the past four years as well so the mass

964
00:36:39,589 --> 00:36:38,079
spectrometer mass resolution

965
00:36:42,950 --> 00:36:39,599
for what we selected

966
00:36:46,950 --> 00:36:42,960
blows everything else out of the water

967
00:36:51,270 --> 00:36:48,790
wonderful next question next question

968
00:36:52,790 --> 00:36:51,280
comes from jason major who asks uh what

969
00:36:54,710 --> 00:36:52,800
is the anticipated launch date for

970
00:36:58,950 --> 00:36:54,720
europa mission how long would the trip

971
00:37:03,349 --> 00:37:00,950
so right now um

972
00:37:05,430 --> 00:37:03,359
once we move it into formulation

973
00:37:08,069 --> 00:37:05,440
uh we expect it to be launched in the

974
00:37:10,870 --> 00:37:08,079
2020s uh whether it's

975
00:37:13,430 --> 00:37:10,880
mid or a little early or a little later

976
00:37:15,430 --> 00:37:13,440
needs to be worked out based on

977
00:37:16,790 --> 00:37:15,440
a much firmer cost estimate and a

978
00:37:19,349 --> 00:37:16,800
profile

979
00:37:21,750 --> 00:37:19,359
that would support it that's

980
00:37:23,670 --> 00:37:21,760
what formulation is all about is putting

981
00:37:25,670 --> 00:37:23,680
all those resources together and getting

982
00:37:28,310 --> 00:37:25,680
serious about a major design as we move

983
00:37:32,230 --> 00:37:29,829
all right this next question comes from

984
00:37:33,829 --> 00:37:32,240
twitter user bradley who asks what drove

985
00:37:35,670 --> 00:37:33,839
the decision to go straight to a nine

986
00:37:41,030 --> 00:37:35,680
instrument mission complement and skip a

987
00:37:44,870 --> 00:37:42,950
originally we we had considered doing

988
00:37:46,470 --> 00:37:44,880
what we call a two-step process which

989
00:37:48,390 --> 00:37:46,480
means that if you're going to fly one

990
00:37:50,550 --> 00:37:48,400
camera you select

991
00:37:52,470 --> 00:37:50,560
two or three or four of them and you

992
00:37:54,870 --> 00:37:52,480
give them some money and some time to do

993
00:37:57,030 --> 00:37:54,880
some work to reduce their risk address

994
00:37:58,790 --> 00:37:57,040
their technical challenges uh what we

995
00:38:00,630 --> 00:37:58,800
found when we reviewed these proposals

996
00:38:02,550 --> 00:38:00,640
though is that in every category of

997
00:38:04,870 --> 00:38:02,560
instrument we wanted to fly

998
00:38:06,550 --> 00:38:04,880
there was one that was ready to go now

999
00:38:08,710 --> 00:38:06,560
and in fact in most cases there were

1000
00:38:11,030 --> 00:38:08,720
more than one that were ready to go now

1001
00:38:12,710 --> 00:38:11,040
so we didn't have any instruments that

1002
00:38:14,710 --> 00:38:12,720
that needed additional work we had

1003
00:38:16,710 --> 00:38:14,720
instruments that were ready to move into

1004
00:38:18,550 --> 00:38:16,720
formulation right now with a high degree

1005
00:38:20,790 --> 00:38:18,560
of confidence that they would be ready

1006
00:38:22,630 --> 00:38:20,800
for flight in the 2020s

1007
00:38:24,550 --> 00:38:22,640
i think part of that is because we did

1008
00:38:26,230 --> 00:38:24,560
invest over the past few years in a

1009
00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:26,240
technology program

1010
00:38:31,750 --> 00:38:28,800
for ic worlds to be ready for this next

1011
00:38:33,270 --> 00:38:31,760
step and we found that in fact that has

1012
00:38:37,109 --> 00:38:33,280
been highly valuable and has allowed us

1013
00:38:42,150 --> 00:38:39,190
wonderful next question comes from the

1014
00:38:43,990 --> 00:38:42,160
ustream user sergio who asks is laser

1015
00:38:46,230 --> 00:38:44,000
communications going to be used in this

1016
00:38:51,109 --> 00:38:46,240
mission

1017
00:38:54,150 --> 00:38:51,119
utilize laser communication

1018
00:38:57,109 --> 00:38:54,160
that would be deep space optical com

1019
00:38:58,069 --> 00:38:57,119
really deep we've tested it from here to

1020
00:38:59,750 --> 00:38:58,079
the moon

1021
00:39:01,990 --> 00:38:59,760
we haven't even tested deep space

1022
00:39:04,710 --> 00:39:02,000
optical comp from here to mars

1023
00:39:07,109 --> 00:39:04,720
and of course uh jupiter is uh you know

1024
00:39:09,829 --> 00:39:07,119
at five astronomical units away where

1025
00:39:11,990 --> 00:39:09,839
the earth is uh one astronomical unit

1026
00:39:14,870 --> 00:39:12,000
away and so um

1027
00:39:17,670 --> 00:39:14,880
we have a lot of work to do to be able

1028
00:39:20,870 --> 00:39:17,680
to utilize optical communication for

1029
00:39:22,069 --> 00:39:20,880
these outer planet missions but uh that

1030
00:39:24,470 --> 00:39:22,079
is a

1031
00:39:26,630 --> 00:39:24,480
a wonderful set of technologies we would

1032
00:39:30,069 --> 00:39:26,640
love to have in our hands today

1033
00:39:32,310 --> 00:39:30,079
uh and and um space technology is indeed

1034
00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:32,320
um uh mission directorate is indeed

1035
00:39:36,069 --> 00:39:33,760
working with us to invest in this

1036
00:39:39,030 --> 00:39:36,079
particular area but the next stop will

1037
00:39:41,190 --> 00:39:39,040
probably be mars instead of europa for

1038
00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:41,200
deep space optical com

1039
00:39:45,109 --> 00:39:42,880
one of the challenges to keep in mind

1040
00:39:46,710 --> 00:39:45,119
when when we go to europa is that

1041
00:39:48,870 --> 00:39:46,720
jupiter's magnetic field is an

1042
00:39:50,630 --> 00:39:48,880
accelerator of charged particles it's

1043
00:39:52,870 --> 00:39:50,640
kind of like the sun itself there's a

1044
00:39:55,670 --> 00:39:52,880
jupiter wind and so the radiation

1045
00:39:58,150 --> 00:39:55,680
environment at jupiter is fierce and so

1046
00:39:59,910 --> 00:39:58,160
as we look at the technologies

1047
00:40:02,470 --> 00:39:59,920
to support the mission we want to take

1048
00:40:04,230 --> 00:40:02,480
low risk on the spacecraft so that we

1049
00:40:06,390 --> 00:40:04,240
can put most of our effort into the

1050
00:40:07,910 --> 00:40:06,400
instruments which also have to survive

1051
00:40:09,589 --> 00:40:07,920
in that high radiation environment so

1052
00:40:12,390 --> 00:40:09,599
laser comet is probably a little bit

1053
00:40:14,710 --> 00:40:12,400
early for europa

1054
00:40:16,150 --> 00:40:14,720
thanks uh let's take two questions from

1055
00:40:17,430 --> 00:40:16,160
the phone lines before going back to

1056
00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:17,440
social media

1057
00:40:24,870 --> 00:40:20,480
the first question we have is from mike

1058
00:40:26,470 --> 00:40:24,880
del fiore from popular mechanics mike

1059
00:40:28,390 --> 00:40:26,480
hi thanks for taking my question i just

1060
00:40:30,710 --> 00:40:28,400
wanted to follow up on the the mission

1061
00:40:31,990 --> 00:40:30,720
duration the length and you mentioned 45

1062
00:40:33,270 --> 00:40:32,000
flybys

1063
00:40:34,630 --> 00:40:33,280
and someone else would ask the question

1064
00:40:35,910 --> 00:40:34,640
how long it might take so i was

1065
00:40:37,829 --> 00:40:35,920
interested in that i'm also interested

1066
00:40:40,150 --> 00:40:37,839
in where the instruments are being built

1067
00:40:42,790 --> 00:40:40,160
and when when they will start being

1068
00:40:47,589 --> 00:40:44,630
well mission duration once we get to

1069
00:40:48,630 --> 00:40:47,599
jupiter we'll spend about two and a half

1070
00:40:51,589 --> 00:40:48,640
years

1071
00:40:53,990 --> 00:40:51,599
doing those 45 flybys so at the fastest

1072
00:40:55,670 --> 00:40:54,000
pace we have a flyby about every two to

1073
00:40:57,030 --> 00:40:55,680
two to three weeks

1074
00:40:59,990 --> 00:40:57,040
in terms of where the instruments are

1075
00:41:01,910 --> 00:41:00,000
being built it runs the gamut it spans

1076
00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:01,920
the country we have instruments being

1077
00:41:06,790 --> 00:41:04,400
built on the west coast at nasa's at

1078
00:41:09,510 --> 00:41:06,800
nasa centers we have instruments being

1079
00:41:11,589 --> 00:41:09,520
built in in university labs we have

1080
00:41:14,150 --> 00:41:11,599
instruments being built in

1081
00:41:16,550 --> 00:41:14,160
in federal and federal research labs as

1082
00:41:17,910 --> 00:41:16,560
well so it's it really spans spans the

1083
00:41:20,069 --> 00:41:17,920
country

1084
00:41:22,870 --> 00:41:20,079
when will they be built as far as i'm

1085
00:41:24,630 --> 00:41:22,880
concerned they start tomorrow

1086
00:41:27,030 --> 00:41:24,640
and they're going to be working very

1087
00:41:29,030 --> 00:41:27,040
hard every single day until we get this

1088
00:41:30,390 --> 00:41:29,040
mission to the launch pad and then they

1089
00:41:31,670 --> 00:41:30,400
will actually start working harder

1090
00:41:33,990 --> 00:41:31,680
because then we need to start flying

1091
00:41:35,670 --> 00:41:34,000
these instruments and operating them you

1092
00:41:37,190 --> 00:41:35,680
know one of the things to understand

1093
00:41:39,750 --> 00:41:37,200
about the mission

1094
00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:39,760
architecture is the the multiple flyby

1095
00:41:42,950 --> 00:41:40,880
concept

1096
00:41:44,790 --> 00:41:42,960
you know this particular mission that

1097
00:41:47,829 --> 00:41:44,800
we're moving towards to stay out of the

1098
00:41:50,790 --> 00:41:47,839
radiation belt and only be in it as we

1099
00:41:53,349 --> 00:41:50,800
need to in in in taking extensive data

1100
00:41:54,710 --> 00:41:53,359
about europa actually orbits jupiter

1101
00:41:57,510 --> 00:41:54,720
itself

1102
00:41:59,910 --> 00:41:57,520
and so as it flies by it it takes a

1103
00:42:02,309 --> 00:41:59,920
massive amount of data and then as it

1104
00:42:05,190 --> 00:42:02,319
moves out of the radiation belt and is

1105
00:42:08,150 --> 00:42:05,200
clear it then begins to send that data

1106
00:42:11,589 --> 00:42:08,160
back in full resolution now this is

1107
00:42:13,990 --> 00:42:11,599
really a spectacular way of managing the

1108
00:42:15,910 --> 00:42:14,000
data it allows the scientists to get all

1109
00:42:18,150 --> 00:42:15,920
the details to really tease out

1110
00:42:19,589 --> 00:42:18,160
everything that we want to it also

1111
00:42:22,150 --> 00:42:19,599
allows our

1112
00:42:24,630 --> 00:42:22,160
plume chasers so to speak to really

1113
00:42:27,349 --> 00:42:24,640
continue to look at europa and find

1114
00:42:29,270 --> 00:42:27,359
potential plumes that on the next pass

1115
00:42:32,870 --> 00:42:29,280
we could we could potentially fly

1116
00:42:36,710 --> 00:42:32,880
through so um the architecture is uh is

1117
00:42:39,190 --> 00:42:36,720
set such that we maximize that time uh

1118
00:42:41,430 --> 00:42:39,200
when we're away from europa uh by

1119
00:42:44,390 --> 00:42:41,440
getting set up and aligning ourselves

1120
00:42:48,230 --> 00:42:44,400
again uh for the next flyby uh to

1121
00:42:49,750 --> 00:42:48,240
maximize the science that we want to do

1122
00:42:50,950 --> 00:42:49,760
thanks jim uh we'll take one more

1123
00:42:52,630 --> 00:42:50,960
question from the phone lines before

1124
00:42:56,470 --> 00:42:52,640
going to social media

1125
00:42:57,910 --> 00:42:56,480
um this is irene klotz from reuters

1126
00:42:59,670 --> 00:42:57,920
thanks um

1127
00:43:02,390 --> 00:42:59,680
could you maybe elaborate a little bit

1128
00:43:05,349 --> 00:43:02,400
on what uh you would consider

1129
00:43:07,829 --> 00:43:05,359
indications of life um with the suite of

1130
00:43:10,470 --> 00:43:07,839
instruments that were selected what

1131
00:43:12,790 --> 00:43:10,480
sorts of things uh might be indicative

1132
00:43:14,870 --> 00:43:12,800
of life and also

1133
00:43:17,190 --> 00:43:14,880
is there room aboard the spacecraft for

1134
00:43:18,309 --> 00:43:17,200
all nine of these instruments to fly or

1135
00:43:21,109 --> 00:43:18,319
would some

1136
00:43:23,349 --> 00:43:21,119
need to be eliminated for for mass

1137
00:43:25,670 --> 00:43:23,359
purposes

1138
00:43:27,109 --> 00:43:25,680
i'll take your easier question first yes

1139
00:43:29,190 --> 00:43:27,119
there's room on the spacecraft for all

1140
00:43:31,349 --> 00:43:29,200
nine instruments that we've selected

1141
00:43:33,430 --> 00:43:31,359
that was one of the the criteria that we

1142
00:43:35,430 --> 00:43:33,440
looked at when we made the selections

1143
00:43:37,349 --> 00:43:35,440
your first question about what are some

1144
00:43:39,190 --> 00:43:37,359
of the possible signs of life we might

1145
00:43:42,630 --> 00:43:39,200
be able to to detect

1146
00:43:44,550 --> 00:43:42,640
is a very difficult question uh

1147
00:43:46,550 --> 00:43:44,560
because we're not sure what those signs

1148
00:43:48,710 --> 00:43:46,560
would be i mean it would be wonderful if

1149
00:43:50,470 --> 00:43:48,720
we would see chlorophyll like you see in

1150
00:43:52,230 --> 00:43:50,480
earth plants but we're not going to see

1151
00:43:54,630 --> 00:43:52,240
chlorophyll mother nature is not going

1152
00:43:56,710 --> 00:43:54,640
to be that kind to us it would be great

1153
00:43:58,630 --> 00:43:56,720
if we would see fossilized bones

1154
00:44:00,150 --> 00:43:58,640
sticking up out of the surface that's

1155
00:44:02,150 --> 00:44:00,160
not going to happen mother nature is not

1156
00:44:05,109 --> 00:44:02,160
going to be that kind to us finding

1157
00:44:07,750 --> 00:44:05,119
evidence of life is very nuanced it's

1158
00:44:10,069 --> 00:44:07,760
very delicate it's very difficult to do

1159
00:44:13,589 --> 00:44:10,079
even if you go out to a lake or earth's

1160
00:44:16,230 --> 00:44:13,599
ocean and grab up a scoop of water

1161
00:44:19,109 --> 00:44:16,240
signs of life don't immediately jump out

1162
00:44:21,109 --> 00:44:19,119
at you so it's it's going to take some

1163
00:44:23,589 --> 00:44:21,119
very smart people sitting around working

1164
00:44:25,270 --> 00:44:23,599
together over the next few years

1165
00:44:27,109 --> 00:44:25,280
to build upon the work that has already

1166
00:44:29,510 --> 00:44:27,119
been done to help educate us in this

1167
00:44:33,589 --> 00:44:31,190
thank you now let's take a few questions

1168
00:44:35,510 --> 00:44:33,599
from social media jason

1169
00:44:37,190 --> 00:44:35,520
sure twitter user dave asks are there

1170
00:44:39,030 --> 00:44:37,200
any instruments from this payload that

1171
00:44:42,790 --> 00:44:39,040
could work with instruments from issa's

1172
00:44:47,190 --> 00:44:44,550
yes there are in fact the the

1173
00:44:48,950 --> 00:44:47,200
ultraviolet instrument that we selected

1174
00:44:50,870 --> 00:44:48,960
is a contribution that nasa is also

1175
00:44:53,030 --> 00:44:50,880
making to the to the juice payload

1176
00:44:54,950 --> 00:44:53,040
they're very similar instruments

1177
00:44:57,030 --> 00:44:54,960
so there is overlap among both of the

1178
00:44:58,950 --> 00:44:57,040
payloads so they complement one one

1179
00:45:00,870 --> 00:44:58,960
another strongly but i think it's

1180
00:45:03,190 --> 00:45:00,880
important to keep in mind that the

1181
00:45:05,270 --> 00:45:03,200
juice mission that is putting together

1182
00:45:06,950 --> 00:45:05,280
its focus really is on ganymede and to a

1183
00:45:09,829 --> 00:45:06,960
lesser extent close to they're only

1184
00:45:11,430 --> 00:45:09,839
flying by europa twice

1185
00:45:13,829 --> 00:45:11,440
because of of the nature of their

1186
00:45:16,829 --> 00:45:13,839
mission design we'll be flying by europa

1187
00:45:22,309 --> 00:45:19,430
more wonderful this next question comes

1188
00:45:23,829 --> 00:45:22,319
from uh dr leo here who asks what kind

1189
00:45:26,309 --> 00:45:23,839
of propulsion and craft will take the

1190
00:45:28,550 --> 00:45:26,319
instruments mentioned to europa

1191
00:45:30,550 --> 00:45:28,560
and additionally uh twitter user crow

1192
00:45:34,710 --> 00:45:30,560
asks what will be the power source for

1193
00:45:37,430 --> 00:45:36,390
the spacecraft will be solar powered so

1194
00:45:40,390 --> 00:45:37,440
we're going to have

1195
00:45:41,990 --> 00:45:40,400
solar panels on this on this mission

1196
00:45:45,430 --> 00:45:42,000
just like we do for the juno mission

1197
00:45:47,109 --> 00:45:45,440
which will reach jupiter in about a year

1198
00:45:49,109 --> 00:45:47,119
in terms of the type of spacecraft it

1199
00:45:51,030 --> 00:45:49,119
will be chemical propulsion so pretty

1200
00:45:53,510 --> 00:45:51,040
standard propulsion systems that nasa

1201
00:45:55,109 --> 00:45:53,520
uses for the majority of its science

1202
00:45:56,870 --> 00:45:55,119
missions

1203
00:45:58,829 --> 00:45:56,880
we will burn the engine hard we'll burn

1204
00:46:01,589 --> 00:45:58,839
it hot and we'll get there as fast as we

1205
00:46:03,670 --> 00:46:01,599
can wonderful this next question comes

1206
00:46:05,829 --> 00:46:03,680
from twitter user ryan who asks is

1207
00:46:07,349 --> 00:46:05,839
anything actually landing and if so will

1208
00:46:09,910 --> 00:46:07,359
it be able to send a probe into the

1209
00:46:14,710 --> 00:46:13,030
so uh at this stage

1210
00:46:16,950 --> 00:46:14,720
we are

1211
00:46:19,829 --> 00:46:16,960
doing some studies and very elementary

1212
00:46:22,150 --> 00:46:19,839
studies about land admissions

1213
00:46:25,190 --> 00:46:22,160
you know in planetary science we make a

1214
00:46:28,470 --> 00:46:25,200
very uh important progression of fly by

1215
00:46:31,270 --> 00:46:28,480
orbit land rove and then return samples

1216
00:46:33,670 --> 00:46:31,280
and we do that in a very deliberate way

1217
00:46:36,150 --> 00:46:33,680
and although galileo gave us the

1218
00:46:39,190 --> 00:46:36,160
tantalizing glimpses of what europa was

1219
00:46:41,750 --> 00:46:39,200
is like the multiple flybys of europa

1220
00:46:43,990 --> 00:46:41,760
will give us the orbital view will give

1221
00:46:46,150 --> 00:46:44,000
us a global understanding

1222
00:46:48,710 --> 00:46:46,160
to be able to get down to the surface is

1223
00:46:51,270 --> 00:46:48,720
a huge step after that

1224
00:46:53,990 --> 00:46:51,280
but we don't really know uh

1225
00:46:56,870 --> 00:46:54,000
in any detail about

1226
00:46:58,309 --> 00:46:56,880
how hard it is to land on a very

1227
00:47:00,950 --> 00:46:58,319
corrugated

1228
00:47:03,109 --> 00:47:00,960
surface or where we would need to go

1229
00:47:05,430 --> 00:47:03,119
we have an extensive amount of research

1230
00:47:07,349 --> 00:47:05,440
to be able to do in that particular area

1231
00:47:09,109 --> 00:47:07,359
and although we're studying that at the

1232
00:47:11,109 --> 00:47:09,119
moment the results of those studies

1233
00:47:12,870 --> 00:47:11,119
won't really be known to us until later

1234
00:47:14,390 --> 00:47:12,880
on this year

1235
00:47:16,950 --> 00:47:14,400
and i think it's important to keep in

1236
00:47:18,470 --> 00:47:16,960
mind i mentioned that galileo gave us a

1237
00:47:19,990 --> 00:47:18,480
limited amount of pictures of the

1238
00:47:21,910 --> 00:47:20,000
surface of europa

1239
00:47:23,750 --> 00:47:21,920
we actually don't know what the surface

1240
00:47:25,829 --> 00:47:23,760
of europa looks like at the scale of

1241
00:47:28,230 --> 00:47:25,839
this table at the scale of a lander if

1242
00:47:30,150 --> 00:47:28,240
it's smooth if it's incredibly rough if

1243
00:47:31,910 --> 00:47:30,160
it's full of spikes

1244
00:47:33,030 --> 00:47:31,920
without knowing what the surface even

1245
00:47:35,349 --> 00:47:33,040
looks like

1246
00:47:37,109 --> 00:47:35,359
it's difficult to design a lander that

1247
00:47:38,630 --> 00:47:37,119
that could survive so that's something

1248
00:47:40,150 --> 00:47:38,640
that we have to take into account as

1249
00:47:44,710 --> 00:47:40,160
well

1250
00:47:46,309 --> 00:47:44,720
user uh haman asks here will there be

1251
00:47:48,950 --> 00:47:46,319
any robotic mission to europa in the

1252
00:47:51,190 --> 00:47:48,960
future to explore life if any uh or any

1253
00:47:53,430 --> 00:47:51,200
of the liquid ocean beneath the solid

1254
00:47:55,829 --> 00:47:53,440
icy surface

1255
00:47:58,950 --> 00:47:55,839
yeah it would be great to think that the

1256
00:48:01,190 --> 00:47:58,960
results from this particular mission

1257
00:48:03,270 --> 00:48:01,200
would lead in the next decade to some

1258
00:48:05,270 --> 00:48:03,280
new and exciting concepts about

1259
00:48:07,190 --> 00:48:05,280
potentially getting underneath the ice

1260
00:48:09,430 --> 00:48:07,200
shell

1261
00:48:12,230 --> 00:48:09,440
once again we need to really make those

1262
00:48:14,630 --> 00:48:12,240
steps methodical steps and scientific

1263
00:48:16,710 --> 00:48:14,640
understanding to determine indeed if

1264
00:48:19,109 --> 00:48:16,720
this body

1265
00:48:20,950 --> 00:48:19,119
can be

1266
00:48:23,670 --> 00:48:20,960
penetrated in a way to be able to get

1267
00:48:26,230 --> 00:48:23,680
under the ice shell but that's indeed in

1268
00:48:27,829 --> 00:48:26,240
the distant future

1269
00:48:29,829 --> 00:48:27,839
wonderful last question here comes from

1270
00:48:31,750 --> 00:48:29,839
jason major who asks would this europa

1271
00:48:37,829 --> 00:48:31,760
mission be able to acquire data on other

1272
00:48:43,109 --> 00:48:40,309
it it can the these instruments are

1273
00:48:45,030 --> 00:48:43,119
fairly versatile they're

1274
00:48:46,790 --> 00:48:45,040
they're very much designed to operate on

1275
00:48:48,390 --> 00:48:46,800
that flyby mode that jim mentioned

1276
00:48:51,589 --> 00:48:48,400
because this is this is the multiple

1277
00:48:54,630 --> 00:48:51,599
flyby mission the mf mission uh

1278
00:48:56,309 --> 00:48:54,640
but if we choose to point the spacecraft

1279
00:48:57,910 --> 00:48:56,319
at other targets like ganymede or

1280
00:49:01,190 --> 00:48:57,920
callisto these instruments would work

1281
00:49:04,950 --> 00:49:02,790
okay and that's all the time we have

1282
00:49:07,829 --> 00:49:04,960
left for today keep those questions

1283
00:49:09,510 --> 00:49:07,839
coming with the hashtag asknasa

1284
00:49:14,790 --> 00:49:09,520
all the information you've heard today

1285
00:49:18,710 --> 00:49:16,950
europa news

1286
00:49:29,030 --> 00:49:18,720
thank you all and all the panelists for

1287
00:49:47,910 --> 00:49:30,630
hi i'm neil degrasse tyson and you're

1288
00:49:52,309 --> 00:49:50,069
from solar trek

1289
00:49:55,750 --> 00:49:52,319
to future tech

1290
00:49:59,030 --> 00:49:55,760
from undersea and hst